Wednesday, June 18, 2008

Like a Politician (Lines 8-14)


For al be that I knowe nat Love in dede,
Ne wot how that he quiteth folk here hyre,
Yit happeth me ful ofte in bokes reede
Of his myrakles and his cruel yre.
Ther rede I wel he wol be lord and syre,
I dar not seyn, his strokes been so sore,
But, "God save swich a lord!" - I can na more.
in dede - in practice; quiteth - reward; But - i.e., anything but

After the opening stanza with its paradoxical rhetorical flourishes about love, the speaker admits that he doesn't actually have any direct experience. So we're going to spend the next 700 lines listening to him talk about something he knows nothing about. Excellent.

Well, he does know something: what he's read. (As we'll find out in a little bit, he's quite the reader.) He describes love as, beyond the an angry lord, so powerful that he dare not say anything about it beyond a pleasantry, "God save him." So love doesn't always work out -- that's an idea we should stow away to refer back to in 680-odd lines.

Saturday, June 14, 2008

Don't Know Whether I'm Swimming or Dreaming

Before I dive into the second stanza, I actually have another comment to make about the first one which I left out of the last posting. If you've read only the OMACL text, based on Skeat's 1900 edition, the last line that I reproduced must have been a bit of a surprise. In Skeat's text, instead of floating or sinking, the narrator is unsure of whether he is asleep or awake ("that I wake or wynke").

So, I'm going to take this opportunity to say a quick word about the text of the poem. There are 13 different complete early editions (12 manuscripts and Congreve's 1478 Folio) still extent. These are grouped into groups A and B based on broad similarities that they share. Skeat preferred group B (with its "wake or wynke," but most modern editors favor group A. Of course, we don't actually know what Chaucer wrote; they two different versions could be a first draft and a revision or a correct version and a corruption (or they could even both be corruptions, however unlikely that may be).

Let's look at how the two different texts differ as poetry:

Skeat (after text A)

The lyf so short, the craft so long to lerne,
Thassay so hard, so sharp the conquering,
The dredful Ioy, that alwey slit so yerne,
Al this mene I by love, that my feling
Astonyeth with his wonderful worching
So sore y-wis, that whan I on him thinke,
Nat wot I wel wher that I wake or winke.
Riverside (after Text B)

The lyf so short, the craft so long to lerne,
Th'assay so hard, so sharp the conquerynge,
The dredful joye alwey that slit so yerne,
Al this mene I by Love, that my felynge
Astonyeth with his wonderful workynge
So sore, iwis, that whan I on hym thynke,
Nat wot I wel wher that I flete or synke.

Setting aside spelling and punctuation (which didn't exist in the 15th century the way they do now), the chief difference is the last line. One could argue that A seems thematically superior as representing a state of confusion in a poem about a man who will fall asleep while reading. Alternatively, we could have it backwards; some scribe could have decided that a metaphor about swimming or drowning has no place in such a poem and changed it. (Chaucer was actually worried about his scribes making both mistakes and intentional changes.) Either is possible. I personally think that "wake or winke" tips Chaucer's hand a little too early, so will stick with "flete or synke." (As much as I'd just love to side with Fairfax 16, the only Medieval manuscript I've ever actually handled and read from, I just prefer "flete or synke.")

As the previous paragraph suggests, I am consulting three different editions and textual notes prior to posting the text, and making whatever decisions based on my preference (which is a way to not admit that it's probably just arbitrary).

Wednesday, June 11, 2008

The Stanza so Short (Lines 1-7)

Lines 1-7:

The lyf so short, the craft so long to lerne,
Th'assay so hard, so sharp the conquerynge,
The dredful joye alwey that slit so yerne,
Al this mene I by Love, that my felynge
Astonyeth with his wonderful workynge
So sore, iwis, that whan I on hym thynke,
Nat wot I wel wher that I flete or synke.
assay - attempt; sharp - difficult; slit so yerne - slides farther away; iwis - I know; wot - know

The poem begins with a long rhetorical flourish, full of paradox and contradiction.
He starts by paraphrasing ars longa, vita brevis, but is here talking about love and its paradoxes and contradictions. Derek Pearsall gives the first three lines great significance: "It is a marvellously artful rhetorical opening that seems to announce a new era in English poetry, but that quickly dissolves, Chaucerian-style, into homely bewilderment." I'll keep that in mind, and make sure that if I ever edit an anthology, I don't select it as the opening work.

Tuesday, June 10, 2008

Here begyneth the Parlement of Foules

Every year since 2002, I've commemorated Chaucer Day by posting the entire text of Parliament of Fowls on my college's intranet. Chaucer Day is that misunderstood holiday that gets its fair share of attention (good and bad) each February 14, yet somehow is never actually recognized. You ever wonder how the feast day for a Roman martyr turned into the Hallmark Holiday with its rituals of crass consumerism in the place of actual affection? While I can't speak for the disaster of the 2nd half of the 20th century, the first step was taken in good humor by Geoffrey Chaucer.#

So posting the poem itself every year on February 14 is a nice symbolic gesture, but at the same time, has very limited reach. I realistically understand that while a 700-line poem isn't particularly long in a book, on the college intranet its length is prohibitive. Furthermore, the reader would have to be comfortable enough in Middle English to stick it out without glosses.

The week before Chaucer Day this year, I had the idea of writing a companion for the poem to post on February 13, but that would have been unwieldy for both me and the reader. The natural solution, then, is to write and post that companion serially. That would give me enough time to write it without any undue burden, and would make it much easier to read, just a stanza at a time. If I average a stanza every 2-3 days, then the whole project will draw to a close just in time for Chaucer Day 2009, which seems like a very reachable goal.

So why, then, this blog?@ I actually do have a broader point. I'm certainly an evangelist for Medieval Literature, none more so than the poetry of Chaucer. I've carried one of my two copies of the Riverside in my travels around the world, on any sort of public transportation, or just around campus back during my undergrad days. I even sleep with my copy!< Over the winter, I went to a museum with three well-educated people, who found it very strange that I'd carry this large book around with me, and moreover that I'd read Chaucer on the subway. I suggested that if they'd ever read it, they'd understand, but their response caught me off guard: of course they'd read Chaucer. They read the General Prologue and the Knight's Tale in high school. Their takeaway from that experience is that Middle English poetry is impossible to read and extremely dull. They'd never met the Chaucer that I know and love, because they'd only read the notoriously baroque GP (which involves spending as much time in the glossary as in the poem itself) and a stylized romance that pales in comparison to its cousin, the Troilus. While those two works certainly have their strengths, they do not come across to the novice, who miss Chaucer's wit and emotional depth. It's a real shame that their teachers had them dive right in to treacherous waters rather than starting at the right place so they could wade into the deeper waters.

A shorter, humorous work like The Parliament is a much better place to start. If English teachers started there, students might actually enjoy it, and then from there go on to discover the Tales, or Langland, or Henryson, or the Pearl poet, or the mystery plays. It's a perfect gateway drug into Medieval literature, and disproves so many stereotypes and excuses people use to ignore the period as a whole. While my primary audience will be my college's alumni and students, there's no reason to lock the whole thing behind a passworded wall if I can prove my broader point.

And while I'm at it, it's worth rehabilitating February 14 from the mess it's become. It was started with large sense of irony (as we'll see as we work our way through the poem), and I can't imagine Chaucer being pleased with what his holiday looks like now. If anyone decides to forgo a pink card, overpriced candies, and an absurdly expensive meal for an evening of reading poetry together, I think they're better off.% Like Chaucer in the Troilus I "God of Loves servantz serve."

There is one caveat that I've saved for the end: I am an amateur. While Medieval Literature was my concentration in college, it's been a little while, and my resources are limited. (I do have two different editions with the poem -- the Riverside and Derek Pearsall's anthology Chaucer to Spenser, but little access to secondary material.) I welcome both outright corrections and alternate interpretations. This is meant to be friends reading through a poem together; I in no way suggest definitive readings. Prof. C wasn't fond of my reading of the structure back in English 30, and if it's the reading I still like all these years later, then that shouldn't reflect badly on him or Larry Benson or Derek Pearsall or anyone other than me. Perhaps in one sense, that's the best reason for me to complete this exercise: it will force me to reassess this masterpiece of a poem in the closest way open to an amateur.


# Standard disclaimer, before you send me angry letters: I acknowledge that the premise -- that Chaucer is responsible for the first extant reference of Valentine's Day as a holiday of love -- isn't clear, and that the conclusion does not follow from that premise.
@ Actually, the real reason is that the archiving system on the intranet is quite poor, and this is a much easier way to keep track of it for people who may miss entries but want to catch up. But I stand by my comments on a better way to approach Medieval literature.
< I have a big bed. I like to keep useful books handy in space I'm not otherwise using.
% This may be why I'm still single.